Braving the Journey to the Manchuria
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Braving the Journey to the Manchurial (simplified Chinese:闯关东 ; traditional Chinese: 闖關東; pinyin: Chuangguandong),the migration of ethnic Hans to Manchuria, or more politically correctly known as 3 provinces of the NE (东北三省).This self-concept exists in part because Northeast China is culturally homogeneous — Northeasterners have a sense that they are similar to each other, and different from the rest of China. This is because most people in Northeast China are descended from relatively recent immigrants, who left their homes in the late 19th or early 20th century to trailblaze a new life in Manchuria, which was relatively empty at the time. Also, provincial boundaries in the Northeast have been more temporary than in other parts of China, thus giving little time for provincial identities or cultural contrasts to take hold. Most other provincial boundaries were fixed during the Ming dynasty, while those in Northeast China were first drawn in the late 19th century and have been changed numerous times since then.
History
During the 18th and 19th century was almost empty, except for some tribes and stuff. The Manchu population had already moved south to garrison China, but the government kept Han Chinese from immigrating there, so that if they were ever driven out by an uprising, the Manchus would still have a home base to retreat to and rebuild from. But during the 19th century, China got pounced on every which way by all the major world powers and suffered from devastating rebellions at home. So the Qing royalty had the choice of securing the northeast by settling Han Chinese, or losing it all to the Russians or the Japanese. They chose the latter (and still lost quite a bit to Russia in the end)
Between the 1890s and the Second World War, twenty-five million people traveled from the densely populated North China provinces of Shandong and Hebei to seek employment in the growing economy of China's three northeastern provinces, the area known as Manchuria. This was the greatest population movement in modern Chinese history and ranks among the largest migrations in the world.
References
- Swallows and Settlers: The Great Migration from North China to Manchuria. Thomas R. Gottschang and Diana Lary