油罐車
|
本条目“油罐車”在中文维基百科已被删除（其它版本），这是一个删除前的存档副本。
9old9删除了油罐車，理由是：
CSD G7: 未翻譯的內容: 内容为：'{{notchinese|12|8}} {{delete|G7}} [[File:TILX290344.JPG|thumb|300px|Modern tank cars are designed to carry any liquid or gaseous commodity.]] A '''tank car''' is a type of [[railroad]] [[rolling stock]] designed t。 这个理由未必准确 (为什么？)
| ||||
| 请阅读免责声明。删除百科只是中文维基百科被删除条目的存档。 |  建议删除本条目
| |||
A tank car is a type of railroad rolling stock designed to transport liquid and gaseous commodities. Outside of North America, they are also known as tank wagons or tanker wagons.
历史
Tank car timeline
- 1865: Flats with banded wooden tanks mounted on top are employed for the first time to transport crude oil from the fields of Pennsylvania.
- 1869: Wrought iron tanks (with an approximate capacity of 3,500 gallons / 13,200 l per car) replace wooden tanks.
- 1888: Tank car manufacturers sell units directly to the oil companies, with capacities ranging from 6,000 gallons to 10,000 gallons (22,700 l to 37,800 l).
- 1903: Tank car companies develop construction safety standards; more than 10,000 tank cars are in operation.
- 1915: A classification system is developed by the tank car industry to ensure the correct match of product being shipped to car type. Some 50,000 tank cars are in use.
- 1920: Welding technology replaces riveting in tank car construction, enhancing the safety of cars.
- 1930: 140,000 tank cars transport some 103 commodities (in addition to oil) to market.
- 1940s: Virtually every tank car is engaged in oil transport in support of the war effort.
- 1950: Pipelines and tanker trucks begin to compete for liquid transport business.
- 1963: The Union Tank Car Company (UTLX) introduces the "Whale Belly" tank car.
用途
Many variants exist due to the wide variety of liquids and gases that can be transported. Tank cars can be insulated or non-insulated, pressurized or non-pressurized, and designed for single or multiple loads. Non-pressurized cars have plumbing at the bottom for unloading, and may have an access port and a dome, housing various valving on the top. Pressurized cars have a pressure plate, with all valving, and a protective cylindrical housing (dome) at the top. Loading and unloading are done through this opening.
Tank cars are specialized pieces of equipment, with the interior of the car is usually lined with a material to isolate the car's structure from the contents, such as glass. Loading a liquid into a car that is designed to carry something else is unwise and sometimes dangerous. Even after a thorough cleaning, traces of the previous contents may remain, potentially contaminating the next load. Also, loading a tank car with something it is not designed to carry may actually damage the car, for example if the contents are corrosive.
As a result of this specialization, tank cars have always been "one-way" cars. Other cars, like boxcars can easily be reloaded with other goods for the return trip. Combinations of the two types were attempted, such as boxcars with fluid tanks slung beneath the floors. While the car could certainly carry a load both directions, the limited size of the tanks made this style unsuccessful.
Because of their one-way nature, tank cars are simply dead weight half of the time, making them unappealing to major railroads. A large percentage of tank cars are owned by companies serviced by railroads instead of the railroads themselves. This can be verified by examining the reporting marks on the cars. These marks invariably end in X, meaning that the owner is not a common carrier.
Within the rail industry, tank cars are grouped by their interior linings and not by the cargo carried. Food service tank cars are lined with stainless steel, glass or cleanable plastic and they are marked as non-pressurized, insulated cars. Usually these are small and carry around 10,000 gallons. Tank cars carrying dangerous goods are generally made of different types of steel, depending on the intended cargo and operating pressure. They may also be lined with rubber or coated with specialized coatings for tank protection or product purity purpose. They are insulated, usually non-pressurized cars (however, very light petrochemicals or jet fuel cars will be "padded" with nitrogen to remove the air in the vapor space). These cars are larger, around 23,000 gallons. the ends will be doubled to prevent ruptures during accidents. Natural gas, LPG, or ammonia carrying cars are basically 30,000 gallon alloy steel pressure vessels on steel wheels. They have no linings, and are double ended. The whale belly type is giving way to higher, but standard-width cars.
All tank cars undergo periodic inspection for damage and corrosion. Pressure-relief valves and mounts are inspected at every loading. Pressurized cars are pressure-tested regularly to insure the integrity of the tank.
All tank cars operating throughout North America today feature "double shelf" type couplers that prevent disengaging in event of an accident or derailment. This prevents couplers and drawheads from puncturing adjacent tank cars.
Insulated cars (which may also incorporate heating or refrigeration systems) are used when the contents must be kept at a certain temperature. For example, the Linde tank car depicted below carries liquefied argon. Cars designed for multiple loads have internal bulkheads to separate the contents. Each compartment must have separate plumbing and its own dome if so equipped. The added complexity of multiple-load cars means that they make up a small percentage of the tank car population. If two loads must be transported, it is often simpler to use two tank cars instead of a two-load car.
特殊用途
Milk cars
A milk car is a specialized type of tank car designed to carry raw milk between farms, creameries, and processing plants.
Milk is now commonly clilled before loading, and transported in a glass-lined tank car. Such tank cars are often placarded 'Food service use only'.
Liquid Hydrogen tank car
Tank cars of this type are designed to carry cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen (LH2). North American cars are classified as DOT113, AAR204W, and AAR204XT[1]
Pickle cars
A pickle car was a specialized type of tank car designed to carry pickles. This car consisted of several wooden or metal vats (typically three or four) and was often roofed. Pickles which are preserved in salt brine were loaded through hatches in the roof.
Tanktainers
A tanktainer, also known as a tank container, is a specialized type of container designed to carry bulk liquids as with the liquid hydrogen tanktainer or dangerous goods on standard intermodal equipment. The tank is held within a box-shaped frame the same size and shape as a container.
Torpedo cars
A torpedo car or bottle car is a type of railroad car used in steel mills to haul molten pig iron from the blast furnace to begin the process of primary steelmaking.
The thermally-insulated vessel is mounted on trunnions, and designed to endure extremely high temperatures, as well as keeping the metal in a molten state over extended periods of time. The vessel can be pivoted along its longitudinal axis to empty the pig iron into a furnace (such as a basic oxygen furnace) or crucible.
Vinegar cars
A vinegar car is a specialized type of tank car designed to transport vinegar. The largest such car built was built by Morrison Railway Supply Corporation in 1968. The car's underframe included all of the modern conveniences of freight car design including roller-bearing trucks and cushioning devices built by FreightMaster, while the tank that rode on it, made of Douglas Fir, had a capacity of 17,100 gallons (64,730 liters). The car, in what has been called 'the largest wooden tank car ever built', took 18 months to build.
Vinegar is now moved in ordinary tank cars lined with glass, plastic, or alloy steel.[2]
"Whale Belly" cars
In the early 1960s, the Union Tank Car Company (UTLX) introduced a series of "whale belly" tank cars which offered increased capacity over the standard cars of the day. Capable of carrying 33,000 gallons (125,000 l) (for example CSOX #31084) to as much as 63,000 gallons (238,500 l) in the case of GATX #96500, which had been conceived as a 'rolling experiment' of sorts. The largest tank car ever placed into regular service, UTLX #83699, was rated at 50,000 (189,200 l) gallons, and is now on display at the Museum of Transportation in St. Louis, Missouri -- first hit the rails in 1963 and remained in service for over twenty years. This behemoth is 89 feet (27 m) in length and weighs 175,000 lb. (79,400 kg) empty; the car, which rides on four two-axle trucks to distribute the additional weight, was used to transport such diverse substances as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and anhydrous ammonia.
Representative tank cars
- Carro cisterno de Ferrovie Eritrea.jpg
A carro cisterna (tank car) of the Eritrean Railway (Ferrovia Eritrea, or FE), date unknown. The 2-axle car is 7,000 mm (23 ft) long, and has a 6,650 kg (14,660 lb) load capacity.
- GATX96500.jpg
GATX 96500, the largest railroad 'Whale Belly'-type tank car ever built, rated at 63,000 gallons capacity.
- OP-16236.jpg
Texaco, Inc. (TCX) #723, a single-dome tank car designed for transporting gasoline, passes through Amarillo, Texas on April 4, 1936.
A tank car on display at the Mid-Continent Railway Museum in North Freedom, Wisconsin.
- RR-1331.jpg
The narrow domes on these East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad tank cars mirror the designs of the first all-steel units.
- OP-16233.jpg
This double-dome tank car has two separate interior tanks, which allow different products to be transported in the same car.
- OP-19582.jpg
This unusual three-dome tank car has an oversized center dome.
- OP-20296.jpg
Tank cars such as Canadian National Railway #51860, shown passing through Québec in August, 1937 were designed to transport industrial gases under high pressure.
- Linde-raix708a.jpg
This Linde tank car transports refrigerated liquefied gases and is insulated in order to prevent the contents from evaporating during transport.
A Union Pacific Railroad 'tanktainer' aboard a flatcar.
Borden (BFIX) #520, a restored milk car on display at the Illinois Railway Museum.
A torpedo car used in steel mills to haul molten metal.
- OP-16131.jpg
Two double wooden-tank vinegar cars owned by the Speas Co. wait for their next assignment in Denver, Colorado circa 1965.
Examples by country
See also
References
- ↑ NOAA's Office of Response and Restoration: Chemical Response Tool
- ↑ Week at a glance: Vinegar by rail - in giant wooden tanks. Railway Age. 1968, 165 (17): p 11. 已忽略未知参数
|month=（建议使用|date=） (帮助) - ↑ RailwaysAfrica
Sources
- Herron, J. History Of The Rail Tank Car. e-Train, the online magazine of the Train Collectors Association. 2002. 已忽略未知参数
|accessyear=(帮助); 已忽略未知参数|month=（建议使用|date=） (帮助); 已忽略未知参数|accessmonthday=(帮助) - White, Jr., John H. The American Railroad Freight Car. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 1993. ISBN 0-8018-5236-6.
External links
 |
维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：油罐車 |